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2017教师资格初中英语学科知识:句法|主谓一致、宾语从句

一、主谓一致
    在英语中,谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致。
    1、以there或here引起的句子,谓语是be动词时,如果主语是并列的几个名词,谓语动词应和最靠近它的一个名词保持人称和数的一致。
    例如:
    There are two trees and a well behind the house.
    Here is an apple, two oranges and some peaches for you.
    2、由neither…nor/either…or/not only…but also/not…but等连接的名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词应与最靠近它的一个名词或代词保持人称和数上的一致。
    例如:
    Neither jack nor I have seen the film.
    Either you or I am worry.
    Not only you but also he comes here every day.
    3、each和由some/any/one/every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待,谓语动词应用单数形式。
    例如:
    Each of us has something to say.
    Is everybody ready?
    Somebody is using the phone.
    4、主语后接with/together with/as well as/but等短语作定语时,谓语形式不受定语的影响。
    例如:
    The teacher together with his students is going there on foot.
    5、many a(许多)和more than one(不止一个)等作定语去修饰作主语的单数可数名词时,谓语动词用单数。
    例如:
    Many a way has been tried.
    6、pair of等表示数量的名词短语修饰主语时,谓语的形式要与pair等名词形式一致。常见的有:pair of/kind of/type of/box of等。(但a lot of/lots of和a number of不属于这一类)。
    例如:
    There is a pair of shoes left.
    7、从句或短语(包括不定式和动名词)作主语时,往往表达一种抽象概念,谓语动词用单数。
    例如:
    Waving hand is to say“goodbye”.
    What he said is wrong.
    8、maths/news/physics/the United States等单数概念,复数形式的名词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数。
    例如:
    The United States was founded in 1776.
    9、时间、距离、金钱、重量、容量等名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
    例如:
    Twenty years is a long time.
    Two hundred dollars is a lot of money.
    10、the number of+名词,谓语动词用单数:a number of+名词,谓语动词用复数。
    二、宾语从句
    1、连词:连词由充当宾语从句的句子语气来确定。如果为陈述语气,则用that(可省略);如果为特殊疑问语气,则用适当的特殊疑问词;如果为一般疑问语气,则用if/whether(是否)。
    例如:
    He says (that)he lives in Beijing.
    I don′t know where he works.
    Could you tell me if/whether it snows in winter in Australia?
    注意:在宾语从句中,if后面不能直接跟or not,而whether后面则可以。
    例如:
    Can you tell me whether or not the train has left?
    2、时态
    例如:
    Do you know who will give us a talk?
    He asked if it was five o′clock.
    注意:宾语从句如果表达客观事实、真理,则不论主句为何种时态,从句一般用一般现在时。
    例如:
    The teacher told us(that)the earth moves around the sun.
    3、语序:宾语从句一律要用陈述语序。
    例如:
    Li Mei asked me where Mary was.
    4、连接代词:what可以表示“…的话”,“…的事”的意思。
    例如:
    I can not understand what he said.
    5、标点符号:带有宾语从句的复合句用什么标点符号,要依据主句的句式来确定。
    例如:
    He asked me how many students there were in our class.
    Do you know if he will go to the cinema tomorrow?
    6、在think/suppose/expect等动词之后的宾语从句中,如果从句谓语是否定含义,则不用否定形式,而将主句谓语动词变为否定形式。
    例如:
    I don′t think you are right.我认为你不对。
    7、宾语从句和连接代词在句中作宾语时,从句中应用及物动词;若从句中的动词是不及物动词,应在其后加介词或副词。
    例如:
    Please tell me what place he lives in.
    8、如果宾语从句是用and连接的并列句,两个宾语从句前都要使用连接词;如果连接词都是that,第一个可以省略,第二个则不能。
    例如:
    I heard(that)their team won and that the teacher was pleased.
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